Green coal temptation

"Coal is the cheapest and safest way to generate electricity. Frankly speaking, if we say that we don't want to contact coal, it is immoral," said Marianne Fay, head of climate change at the World Bank's World Development Report 2010.

For a long time, cleanliness, greenery and coal seem to have never crossed the border.

The long-running extensive mining and burning model has caused people to misunderstand that the environmental problems caused by coal mining and coal burning have no solution; humans must completely abandon the coal economy in the future to save the environment. In fact, every aspect of coal mining, dressing, transportation, transformation and utilization has given birth to huge green business opportunities.

As early as 1985, the United States and Canada took the lead in putting forward the concept of "clean coal" to solve the problem of cross-border acid rain between the two countries. Since then, new technologies such as coal processing, combustion, conversion and pollution control aimed at reducing pollution and increasing efficiency have been collectively referred to as Clean Coal Technology (CCT).

According to Ni Weidou, an academician and energy expert from the Chinese Academy of Engineering, “social energy saving, total control, and renewable energy development are all ways to achieve a low-carbon economy, but in the end it must be implemented in the clean use of coal,” says Academician Ni Weidou, “ The clean utilization of coal also belongs to new energy sources."

According to the data, CCT mainly involves four areas, namely coal processing, coal clean combustion, coal conversion, pollution emission control and waste disposal, including 14 specialized technologies such as coal water slurry technology, coal gasification technology, and off-take technology. .

China's CCT study was not too late.

As early as August 1995, China set up a unit headed by the State Development Planning Commission, the State Science and Technology Commission and the State Economic and Trade Commission as the deputy head unit, the Ministry of Coal, the Ministry of Power, the Ministry of Internal Trade, the Ministry of Machinery, the Ministry of Chemical Industry, and the construction of Departments, the Ministry of Metallurgy, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the State Education Commission, and the National Environmental Protection Agency are the "National Clean Coal Technology Promotion Planning Leading Group".

In 1997, the State Council also approved the "Ninth Five-Year Plan for China's Clean Coal Technologies and Outline for Development in 2010" (hereinafter referred to as the "Outline"), which has become the programmatic document for China's development of the clean coal industry;

In 2006, as the advanced energy technology, coal's high-efficiency clean utilization technology entered the “Key Technology and Product Catalogue for China to Acquire Independent Intellectual Property Rights”;

In March 2009, the promotion of the industrialization of clean coal technology and clean energy such as nuclear power, wind power, and photovoltaics was listed as a key task for many ministries and commissions to implement the "Government Work Report."

However, people in the industry pointed out that after the National Coal Industry Ministry was withdrawn in 1998, many related functions were decomposed into multiple departments, which resulted in the absence of a unified leadership organization for the promotion and application of CCT, resulting in the “Outline” being left unconnected for many years; and, Policy expressions are too general and lack of detailed rules.

As a result, 15 years after the publication of the “Outline”, China’s coal consumption has exploded from 1 billion tons a year to 3.4 billion tons. However, many aspects of the coal industry are still embarrassing:

After several rounds of shutdowns and resource integration, the backward mining of room and pillar type coal still coexists with advanced technology. This results in an overall coal recovery rate of 30% to 40%, which is much lower than the national regulation of 75%. The precious resources that were made were abandoned in the underground; the raw coal washing rate in developed countries was 100%, while in China it was less than half. The Chinese railways used precious transport capacity every day and took a lot of meteorite and China Coal to run...

Until the end of 2009, the concept of clean coal suddenly began to take off in China. At that time, the intensive industrial rejuvenation plan started to involve this area.

At present, CCT has become one of the leading technologies for solving environmental problems in the world. The competition for technological superiority is very fierce. The global giants such as GE, Shell, Siemens, and Mitsubishi have become big players in the coal chemical industry and clean coal power generation.

The loneliness of the model is one of China's few CCT transcripts. The Huaneng Green Coal-fired Demonstration Power Plant in Tianjin's Binhai New Area is considered one of the highlights.

Most of the coal produced in the world is used to generate electricity. China's coal for power generation also accounts for 53% of the total coal output. Against the backdrop of the global response to climate change and vigorous efforts to implement energy-saving and emission-reduction, the power generation industry is exploring the green coal-electricity road.

In recent years, China's thermal power industry has implemented “large pressure and small pressure”. In 2011, the national average coal consumption was reduced to 330 grams of standard coal/degree, which is lower than the US standard of 350 grams/kWh; but it is still higher than Japan’s.

According to the information provided by Huaneng Group, after the completion of Tianjin Green Coal-fired Demonstration Power Station, the coal consumption for power generation is only 255.19 g/kWh; the thermal efficiency of the whole plant is 48%, the power supply efficiency is 41%, and the emission is close to that of natural gas power plants, and will become “the most environmentally friendly in China” Coal-based power station."

There is a saying in the power generation industry that is called "10 grams of coal consumption, a generation of technology," that is, every 10 grams of coal consumed for electricity is comparable to the sky. According to the plan, China plans to reduce the average coal consumption to 320 g/kWh in 2020. The CCT adopted by this project is the "Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle" (IGCC), which was stated in the "Outline" in 1997.

The so-called IGCC is the first gasification of coal gasification to drive gas turbines to generate electricity. Its tail gas is used to generate steam to drive steam turbines through waste heat boilers, so that gas power generation and steam power generation can be combined to achieve a power generation efficiency of more than 45%. After supporting related equipment, IGCC can effectively capture carbon dioxide (ie, CCS) in addition to more effective removal and denitrification.

Huaneng's Tianjin IGCC is a national major project of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" 863 Plan. It was approved in May 2009 and started construction in July of the same year. It is the first domestic 250,000 kilowatt-class IGCC generating unit, and it has adopted a 2000 independently developed by Huaneng. Ton/day two-stage dry pulverized coal gasifier.

Fortunately, the first unit of the power station was originally planned to be completed in 2011; however, according to informed sources, an unexplained explosion occurred during the commissioning of the demonstration project in December 2011, and no casualties were reported.

The reporter learned from other sources that the accident was caused by the quality of the air separation unit compressor, not the failure of the power plant's core equipment gasifier. "It is still being debugged, and it is estimated that it may be trial run in March and April of this year," an executive from Huaneng Group told the reporter of the "Financial National Weekly".

"Any chemical plant will undergo debugging for a period of time. The debugging process will find and handle some of the problems encountered," said Wu Lixin, director of the Clean Coal Technology Research Institute of the Coal Chemical Branch of the General Branch of the Coal Science Institute. "Some twists and turns are normal."

However, the maturity of IGCC technology is not the most questioned area. According to statistics, the cost of IGCC power plants is as high as 16,000 yuan/kw, which is about four times that of ordinary coal-fired power plants.

“The investment is large and the economy is poor.” An expert from the China Electric Power Association told the “Financial National Weekly” reporter that although the IGCC has the advantages of high efficiency and environmental friendliness, it “operates and maintains economical aspects and reliability. There is also a lot of uncertainty. "There is no country support and electricity pricing policy is tilted, it is doomed to lose money."

In 2007, the world had planned to build 25 million kilowatts of IGCC power plants, but most of them died down later; at present, there are only 6 IGCC power plants that use coal as raw materials all over the world. "Specifically depends on the technological developments. There is only one such project," said a person in charge of the Huaneng Tianjin project. "The cost of IGCC is not yet available and it is difficult to predict in the future; currently only one side is trying to solve the problem."

Wu Lixin believes that with the pressure of global climate change and technological progress, the competitiveness of IGCC and conventional pulverized coal power stations will gradually emerge. “If the carbon emission policy is taken into account, IGCC is generally considered promising.”

The industry believes that the overall efficiency, economy, and environmental emissions of the “IGCC + CCS” portfolio are better than “pulverized coal power plant + CCS”. Wu Lixin said that all countries are also planning and researching in this area. If IGCC wants to be economically competitive, it needs to further optimize the technology, strict emission regulations and introduce incentive policies.

"The IGCC power station should be developed as a technology reserve," an insider of Huaneng told the "Financial National Weekly" reporter, which is "based on the overall outlook for China's future power generation technology."

Wu Lixin and others believe that the advanced thermal power technologies such as “ultra-supercritical” currently being promoted represent the mainstream development direction of China’s thermal power. “Whether it is greenhouse gas or conventional pollutants, the efficiency is improved, and coal is used less. Naturally, it will reduce emissions."

Coal chemical upsurge Although China has made few achievements in CCT high-end R&D, a related project is a series of comparisons. This is the third part of the famous coal chemical industry—the conversion of clean coal technology. On the other hand, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has had to suspend its emergency several times.

As early as 2006, the "National Medium- and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development Plan Outline (2006-2020)" was published, and coal liquefaction and polygeneration technologies were included in the "Technical Topics for Priority Development of the Energy Sector." Since then, many coal resources provinces have used coal chemical industry as a means of deep processing of coal and realizing high added value. Some local governments have even explicitly requested that raw coal must be “transformed” within the province.

Wu Lixin told reporters that on the one hand, many coal companies have accumulated some funds in the past few years, but the lack of investment channels has led to strict approval in the field of power generation. “There is a hole in coal chemical industry, and everybody wants to make money inside.”

An overview of China’s coal chemical projects is nothing more than two paths to liquefaction and gasification, which are still the contents of the 1997 “Outline”.

The liquefaction of coal, the so-called coal oil, is divided into two kinds: direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction. The direct liquefaction is well understood, represented by the Shenhua Group's direct coal liquefaction project in Ordos, and its technology has completely independent intellectual property rights;

Indirect liquefaction means gasification of coal and then liquefaction. The Shanxi Coal Science and Technology Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences developed the indirect liquefaction (coal-based synthetic oil) complete technology with independent property rights and formed a joint investment with Inner Mongolia Yitai Group, Shenhua Group, Shanxi Panan, Xuyuan Group and Liansun Energy. Synthetic Oil Technology Co., Ltd.".

In the coal chemical industry base of Zhungeer Daer Road in Ordos City, the Shanxi Coal Chemical Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Yitai Group have cooperated to build a 160,000 to 180,000 tons/year coal indirect liquefaction industrial demonstration project. The main products are diesel, naphtha, LPG and a small amount. **. It is alleged that the oil products produced by the company can be directly added to diesel fuel tanks, or it can be used as a blending oil to convert regular diesel oil into high-quality diesel oil.

"Coal is equivalent to coarse grains, and the oil is equivalent to the finely processed grains. As society has progressed, we cannot only eat coarse grains, we must eat fine grains, so we turn coal into oil and gas," said Chen Yafei, vice president of the coal chemical branch of the General Branch of the Coal Science Branch. , "Now the power plant burns coal because of the lack of oil and gas."

Some media said that during the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, Shenhua Group's total investment in clean coal technology development and industrialization will exceed 200 billion yuan.

However, in 2008, the National Development and Reform Commission issued an order that, in addition to the Shenhua direct liquefaction project and the Ningdong coal indirect liquefaction project between Shenhua and Sasol of South Africa, all remaining coal-to-liquid projects were halted. Kind of suppressed state.

In fact, opposition to the use of coal to oil has continued. Many experts believe that it is simply "more energy for less energy."

The unit consumption of coal oil is 3-5 tons of coal out of 1 ton of oil, using direct method technology, the thermal energy utilization of coal is 47.6%, while the indirect method of thermal energy utilization is only 28.6%, which is much lower than the ordinary thermal power The energy utilization rate, that is, more than 70% of the heat energy is consumed in the process of coal oil change, and this also does not include the various cost consumption of coal in mining, transportation, and coal oil production processes.

"Coal-made oil is not economically related to international oil prices," an energy analyst told the "Financial National Weekly" reporter, "assuming that 5 tons of coal out of a ton of oil, 500 yuan a ton of coal, coal is only 2500 yuan; and 1 ton of oil worth 6,000 yuan, "it is said Shenhua's direct liquefaction project is more than 3 tons of coal out of 1 ton of oil."

“Now the main goal of CTL is to do oil substitution.” The relevant person in the energy industry told the “Financial State Weekly” reporter that CTL is mainly used for technical reserves, and China’s oil-rich coal is less dependent on foreign oil. Sixty percent, if the situation in the Persian Gulf changes, energy security becomes a problem. "Cost is not the first factor to consider, but more strategic considerations."

Compared with the high loss of coal-based oil, the industry is more optimistic about coal gas. It is recognized by the industry that there are no obstacles in its technology. Compared with mature coal-derived oils, it is one of the methods with high energy efficiency in coal utilization, which can reach about 60%.

Compared to the prudence of coal-based oil, the country's attitude towards coal-based gas production is "priority development."

However, in 2010, the National Development and Reform Commission also tightened the right to examine and approve coal-gas-producing projects and required local governments at all levels to “not approve or file coal-based gas and supporting projects without approval” before the country introduced a clear industrial policy.

The reporter learned that the reasons for high-level tightening of coal-fired gas are that the technical routes are uneven when certain coal resources regions are launched, and the water supply facilities and related pipeline construction are generally neglected, and by-products such as CO 2 , sulphide and phenolic wastewater are neglected. Lack of measures.

On April 12, 2011, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Notice on Regulating the Orderly Development of the Coal Chemical Industry", which imposes strict restrictions on various sub-sectors in the coal chemical industry, indicating that project approval will be tightened.

After all, the enthusiasm for the coal chemical industry of the relevant companies and local governments has not subsided, especially under the stimulation of rising prices of natural gas prices.

According to incomplete statistics, as of December 2010, there are nearly 30 coal-based natural gas projects in the planning, preparatory work or construction phase. If these projects are completed, they will achieve 440.5 billion yuan and 126.8 billion yuan each year by 2015 and 2020 respectively. Cubic meters of production capacity. It should be noted that China's apparent natural gas consumption in 2011 was only 130 billion cubic meters.

On the 11th People's Congress of Shanxi Province held on January 11, 2012, Wang Jun, Governor of Shanxi Province, stated in the “Government Work Report” that Shanxi will vigorously develop coal-based polygeneration and coal to olefins. Coal and natural gas and other modern coal chemical projects, Lu'an Group's 1.8 million tons of coal-based polygeneration, Tongji Group's 4 billion cubic meters of coal-made natural gas, and Shanxi Coking Coal Group's 600,000 tons of olefins are representatives of emerging industries in Shanxi.

When the concept shines into the reality, “Overseas recession, domestic overheating; foreign small-scale, pilot-scale, domestic introduction, and amplification; domestic and foreign are basically multi-project planning, low implementation, large production capacity, and small output; domestic technology reserves for the current stage "The emphasis is on industrial demonstration." According to the status of coal chemical industry at home and abroad, Xie Kechang, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and coal chemical engineering expert, wrote an article.

The concept of clean coal looks beautiful; but reality is far more complicated and cruel than it seems.

“A salesman smiled and recommended to the audience an 'air freshener' labelled with 'clean coal', followed by a picture, when a household in the suburbs used this freshener, the bottle spouted. The whole thing was black smoke, and the whole family kept coughing."

This is Oscar-winning director Joel, known for his black humor. Joel Coen and Ethan? A television commercial directed by Ethan Coen's brothers appeared at the end of the series: "In real life, there is no clean coal at all."

Some people think that this advertisement can be seen as a dispute between the coal industry and environmentalists on the role of fossil fuels in the energy future.

"It is mainly for the sake of going on projects. If there is no new idea, then it is very difficult to approve, rather than really consider economically and technically." A person in the coal industry pointed out that most of the current clean coal projects are gimmicks such as “recycling economy”, “polygeneration” and “energy saving and emission reduction”. “99% are packaged, and few can Really."

For example, CCS, which is currently "red and purple", "in order to bury carbon dioxide, it has produced a lot of carbon dioxide," said Chen Yafei.

"To do this project, you first need to purify carbon dioxide to 96% to 99%. The cost of purification is huge; before you bury it underground, you need to drill a hole and also transport it remotely..." Chen Yafei asks, "You count it and put carbon dioxide." How much energy should be consumed to bury it? These energy costs also have to generate carbon dioxide. "To get through it, from an economic point of view, it only adds some investment."

"Clean coal is definitely the direction of development. There is no doubt about this. Government advocacy is correct, but do not force advocacy, but will have problems."

Sun Qingwei, director of the climate and energy project of an environmental NGO worldwide, told the “Financial National Weekly” reporter: “Under the current technology conditions, CCS will bring about 30% of the additional energy consumption, and accordingly increase coal consumption and increase unit energy consumption. , coal mining and transportation also increased emissions." Therefore, Sun Qingwei believes that the establishment of CCS technology based on high energy consumption and high cost is not advisable for the promotion and application of large-scale CCS technology in China. “The safety of carbon dioxide sequestration has not yet been resolved. There is no regulation in China to regulate the implementation of carbon sequestration. And conduct safety monitoring."

Other clean coal technologies also have more or less the ambiguity of “high and low”.

In 2002, the U.S. government established the "clean coal energy plan" and vigorously promoted clean coal technology. But so far, only a total of 3 projects have been completed for this total of 18 projects, and another 7 have been suspended.

"Granting a relevant technology with a green name does not necessarily reduce environmental problems." Sun Qingwei believes that as long as coal is used, related environmental problems such as pollution and carbon dioxide emissions cannot be solved. "The larger the scale, the greater the pollution." Only by reducing the dependence on coal is the fundamental way to solve the problem.

Some industry insiders also believe that current renewable energy technologies, such as wind power and photovoltaics, have matured and use renewable energy to replace fossil fuels on a large scale. Other experts believe that only nuclear power and hydropower are the main power sources that China can rely on.

In particular, at present, China has become the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide, and faces tremendous pressure in the international climate negotiations.

"The future is to reduce the dependence on coal more practical significance? Or maintain the status quo, continue to take the clean coal technology route? Or both?" An official of the China Electricity Regulatory Commission said, "This is indeed a big problem."

LED Light Strip

Flexible Led strip light ,fit for house decoration,landscape lighting project ,outdoor lighting.

Led Light Strip,Led Cabinet Light Strip,Rgb Led Strip Light,Flexible Rgb Led Strip

Shenzhen Huangtai Photoelectric Co.,Ltd. , https://www.ht-led.com

Posted on