Cleaning refers to the process of removing liquid and solid contaminants from the surface of fasteners, aiming to achieve a certain level of cleanliness. This intermediate step is crucial in the production of fasteners. If surface contaminants are not properly removed, they can enter the heat treatment furnace or be released into the environment through volatilization or combustion, potentially causing pollution. Cleaning is considered part of clean production, involving complex physical and chemical interactions between the cleaning medium, contaminants, and the fastener surface.
There are two main stages in the fastener industry: pre-heat treatment cleaning, which removes oils, coolants, and rust inhibitors from previous processes, and post-heat treatment cleaning, which targets residual quenching oil after hardening. Cleaning methods include mechanical, chemical, and other techniques. Mechanical cleaning uses external forces like pressure, agitation, and ultrasonic waves to remove dirt. Chemical cleaning involves using agents such as alkaline solutions or solvents to dissolve and eliminate contaminants.
Common cleaning methods include immersion, jetting, and spray cleaning. Immersion relies on chemical action but is slow. Jet cleaning applies high-pressure liquid to the surface, while spray cleaning uses lower pressure. Decompression cleaning creates negative pressure to allow better penetration of cleaning agents, especially useful for complex parts. These methods vary in efficiency and application depending on the type of contaminant and the design of the fastener.
Residual oil cleaning is essential, particularly after cold heading or quenching. Alkaline water cleaning is simple but may leave residues in grooves. Metal cleaning agents offer better results but are costly and environmentally problematic. Organic solvent cleaning is effective but requires careful handling due to environmental concerns. Combustion degreasing is suitable for light oils but not heavy quenching oils.
Advanced technologies like vacuum solvent and ultrasonic cleaning are now widely used for high-purity applications. Vacuum solvent cleaning uses hydrocarbon solvents under low pressure for efficient and eco-friendly results. Ultrasonic cleaning utilizes sound waves to create cavitation, breaking down contaminants and improving cleaning effectiveness.
Cleaning agents vary by type and purpose. Water-soluble cleaners are cost-effective, while highly efficient and environmentally friendly options like hydrocarbon solvents offer strong performance with minimal environmental impact. The choice of agent depends on the type of contamination and the cleaning process used.
In summary, proper cleaning is vital for ensuring the quality and performance of fasteners. With the development of advanced technologies and eco-friendly solutions, the industry continues to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
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