Synthetic resins are a broad category of materials used in various industrial and commercial applications. They can be classified based on their molecular structure, synthesis process, and thermal behavior. In terms of main chain structure, synthetic resins can be divided into carbon-chain resins, hetero-chain resins, and non-carbon-chain resins. Carbon-chain resins, such as polyethylene and polystyrene, have a backbone made entirely of carbon atoms. Hetero-chain resins contain atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur in the main chain, while non-carbon-chain resins include those with silicon or other elements in their structure.
Based on the type of chemical reaction during synthesis, resins can also be categorized into polyaddition and polycondensation types. Polyaddition resins form through the joining of monomers without the release of by-products, while polycondensation resins involve the elimination of small molecules like water or alcohol during the reaction. This distinction plays a key role in determining the properties and applications of the final material.
In practical use, synthetic resins are often grouped into thermoplastic and thermosetting categories based on how they respond to heat. Thermoplastic resins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), can be melted and reshaped multiple times, making them ideal for injection molding and extrusion processes. On the other hand, thermosetting resins undergo irreversible chemical changes when heated, forming a rigid, three-dimensional network that cannot be remelted. Common examples include phenolic resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins, fluororesins, unsaturated polyesters, and polyurethanes.
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