In the industry, it's widely understood that surfactants in drying agents work best when they adsorb onto dish surfaces at temperatures above their cloud point. This creates a thin, continuous film that lowers the solid-liquid interface energy and reduces the contact angle. As a result, water drains more quickly and evenly, which helps prevent spots from forming. Based on my experience, this is the ideal mechanism, but real-world conditions often fall short of this perfect scenario.
The challenge lies in the fact that surfactants need to form this continuous film within just two or three seconds. For this to happen, the rinse solution must contain a high enough concentration of surfactant. However, due to cost constraints, most commercial rinse solutions only have surfactant concentrations in the range of tens of parts per million (ppm). Even if the temperature is well above the cloud point, the reality is that during use—especially with high-pressure sprays that cause intense agitation—the surfactant tends to disperse in the water rather than adhere to the dish surface.
At such low concentrations and under these rapid conditions, many surfactant molecules are carried away by the water flow before they can effectively interact with the dishware. As a result, the film formed on the surface may be incomplete or discontinuous, which limits its effectiveness in preventing spots and improving drainage.
One potential solution is to lower the cloud point or increase the water solubility of the surfactant. This could enhance its ability to adsorb onto the surface more quickly. However, these changes might introduce new problems. If the cloud point is too low, the surfactant may become difficult to formulate into a stable product. Adding a water-soluble extender could also raise costs significantly and potentially reduce the spreadability of the rinse solution, making it less efficient overall.
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