Coal mine emergency basic knowledge

First, trauma first aid principle
1. For fractured wounded people, fix them first and transport them.
2. For bleeding victims, stop bleeding before handling.
3 • The wounded person who has just stopped suffocation (complete airway obstruction) or just before the heart beat must be resuscitated and transported.
Second, trauma emergency treatment
Hemostatic methods The blood volume of an adult is about 4300--5000ml, which corresponds to about 1/13 of the body weight by weight. If the amount of bleeding is more than 1000 milliliters, life is in danger. In order to rescue the bleeding wounded at the scene, a temporary hemostasis method should be used quickly to avoid excessive blood loss.
(1) The dressing compresses the wound and stops the bleeding. After the injury, the situation is urgent. In order to save time for life, dressings, such as clean towels, handkerchiefs, and tear-off work clothes, etc., can be used to compress and stop the bleeding. Can also close the wound by hand to stop bleeding, this method applies to capillary bleeding.
(2) Acupressure and hemostasis In the event of an emergency where no tourniquet can be used or where tourniquets and other substitutes are not available, acupressure can be used temporarily, ie, pressing the arteries above the wound on the bones below. In order to achieve the purpose of hemostasis. This method is a temporary emergency hemostasis method. Finger pressure to stop bleeding a, head, neck bleeding.
b. Bleeding in armpits and upper arms.
c. Bleeding on the lower arm and hand of the forearm, elbow, and hand.
d. Arterial bleeding in the lower extremities.
(3) The limb-limb method uses extreme flexion of the joints to compress the blood vessels to achieve hemostasis. If the forearm or leg bleeding, you can put a cotton pad in the cubital fossa or the knee, and then make the joint extremely flexed, and then the calf and thigh or forearm and upper arm with "8" bandage to tie it together.
(4) tourniquet hemostasis limbs greater arterial blood vessel bleeding, bleeding is very fast, the need for rapid hemostasis. Can be used tourniquets, rubber hoses, etc., can also be used in an emergency, wide cloth, ropes, triangles, etc. instead, but can not be tied with guns, wires, strings and other force, to the best air tourniquet.
The use of tourniquet to stop bleeding is as follows:
a. The left hand holds the tourniquet, leaving 13 to 17 cm long, with the back of the hand tightly placed on the pad, and the right hand holding the long end of the tourniquet.
b. With the right hand, the tourniquet is stretched under tension and wrapped around the left hand and the body with clothing or cushions, and is tightly braided 2-3 inches. The tourniquet should be tight and then stop bleeding. The belt is clamped between the left hand and the index finger.
c. Hold the tourniquet with your left hand and index finger, and pull your hand down along the limb to make the tourniquet loop.
d. Insert the upper end into the ring and tighten it.
5) The method of twisting and stopping bleeding without a tourniquet can be used to fold a band of towels, bandages, bandages, handkerchiefs, rags, etc., add padding above the wound, tie it around the pad for one week, and insert it with a small wooden stick. Lift it first until it does not bleed, then secure the other end of the stick with a cloth strip.
Trauma Wounding In the course of downhole operations, if there is trauma, the symptoms of trauma are broken, fissured, and bleeding. Bandaging is an on-the-spot rescue method for general skin injuries. It has the functions of fixed dressing, splint position, hemostasis, and supporting injured limbs. When the skin and muscles are rubbed or lacerated, the wound should be immediately prevented from being contaminated, and it should be hand-wrapped. . Wound dressing materials include: first aid kits, bandages, triangles, and four headbands. When there is no such material on the spot, they can be drawn on the spot and replaced by towels, handkerchiefs, clothes, etc.
Wound dressing should pay attention to the following matters :
(1) The purpose of bandaging is to protect the wound, reduce pollution, stop bleeding, 'fix the limbs, reduce pain, prevent secondary damage, so when dressing, it should be quick and agile, can not touch the wound, so as not to cause bleeding, pain and infection.
(2) The wound cannot be washed with downhole sewage, and the foreign material on the wound surface must be taken to the hospital to prevent re-infection.
(3) The dressing should be gentle and the tightness should be appropriate. Do not hit the knot on the wound.
(4) Exfoliated viscera cannot be returned to the wound to prevent infection in the body.
(5) The wounds after the initial dressing downhole shall be re-washed, disinfected, debrided, sutured, and re-wrapped after reaching the ground clinic or hospital.
(6) The bandage should be 5–10cm beyond the edge of the wound.
The temporary fixation of fractures can reduce the pain of the wounded and prevent the adjacent tissues, blood vessels and nerves from being injured due to the displacement of the fracture end. It is also an effective first-aid measure to prevent traumatic shock.
Rescue points:
(1) According to the cause, location, symptoms, and physical symptoms of the injury, first make a brief inspection and judgment.
(2) Splints, bandages, girdles, cotton pads, etc. should be used for fixation of fractures. If they are not available at hand, they can be obtained on the spot, such as seesaw, branches, sticks, cardboard, plastic plates, clothing, towels, etc. Can be replaced. If necessary, the injured limb can also be fixed on the injured limb.
(3) Fracture fixation should include upper and lower joints. Cotton or clothing should be worn at the joints of the shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees, and tendons to avoid crushing the skin at the joints. Not too loose or too tight.
(4) In the treatment of fractures, attention should be paid to the presence of complications such as visceral injury, blood pneumothorax, and if any should be treated first.
(5) To be light, fast and steady when handling.
Resuscitation of suffocated casualties
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation There are two situations in which the heart stops beating: one is respiratory failure first, which leads to a stop of the heartbeat; the other is when the heartbeat stops at the beginning, such as poisoning or electric shock.
a. Resuscitation of precordial sniper surgery Within half a minute after cardiac arrest, the stress of the heart is enhanced. Sniping in the precordial area often allows the heart to rebound. Method: Hold the fist with your hand and raise it to a height of about one foot above the chest wall. From the left nipple to the middle of the chest, tap 3 to 5 times continuously and observe the pulse and heart sounds. If it recovers, it means that the resuscitation is successful; otherwise, it should be immediately abandoned and diverted to chest cardiac surgery.
b. Thoracic heart compression allows the wounded to lie on a hard plate or flat ground. The operator stands on the side of the patient (or rides on the outside of the two thighs of the injured person), facing the wounded person placing the root of the right palm on the upper part of the wounded sternum The left hand is overlaid on the right arm, the elbow joint is straightened, the heart is squeezed between the sternum and the spine and the blood is expelled, and then the wrist is quickly relaxed. The sternum is reset due to the thorax elasticity and the thorax rebounds. Thoracic negative pressure allows venous return to the heart. Then it is repeated rhythmically. The press rate is about 60-80 times per minute. When carrying out chest compressions, the wounded head should be lowered to 10-15. To facilitate the return of venous blood.
Artificial respiration
Artificial respiration is the use of artificial methods to maintain the gas exchange of the wounded. In order to improve the body's hypoxic state, and to eliminate the body's CO: to create a condition for spontaneous breathing recovery. Do the following preparations before doing artificial respiration:
a. First move the injured to a safe, ventilated, warm place;
b, lying on a flat hard floor or board:
c, shoulders with clothing up, so that the neck was over-stretched;
d. Untie the injured person's clothes button, belts, and bare chest;
e. Remove foreign material, mucus, and vomit from the injured person's mouth and nose to ensure smooth breathing:
f. Bring the head of the injured person back as far as possible so that the line connecting the mandibular angle to the earlobe is perpendicular to the ground, so that the lower teeth exceed the height of the upper teeth;
g, face to one side, to prevent the tongue from falling back to block the respiratory tract.
Artificial respiration methods include mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, supine chest compression artificial respiration, prone back pressure artificial respiration. The method of mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration is the best, and can be used except for poisoned patients. The mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration operation method: the first step, the wounded person supine, a soft pillow or clothing under the shoulder, head as far as possible back; the second step, the operator lying on the other side of the wounded, covered with a handkerchief, gauze or mask On the nose and nose of the wounded person, one hand raised the patient's head from the lower jaw to raise the back, and opened his mouth, and the other hand pinched the patient's nostrils to prevent gas from leaking from the nostrils. The third step, the operator took a deep breath to breathe in the patient's mouth blowing, blowing away after the pinch of the nose of the hand, so that his chest and lung self-retraction contraction. Maintain 16 to 18 times per minute as a sign of chest expansion or hearing alveolar breath sounds.
Supine supine chest artificial respiration method: First, let the wounded supine, a soft pillow at the waist, so that the head and shoulders slightly lower; Second, the operator knees near the head of the wounded person, both hands grip the middle of the two forearms, Lift both arms up to the top of the head to expand the chest. Third, place both arms flexed close to the chest and use the injured elbow for two seconds to remove the lungs. It is advisable to make 20 strokes per minute.
Prone pressure back-breathing: First, the wounded person lying prone, the face is biased to the side, the head down slightly lower, one arm bending pad on the head; second, the operator straddles across the patient's thighs on the ground, arms straight, Two palms were placed on the lowest pair of ribs in the lower part of the victim's chest. The fingers were separated, and then their weight was pushed forward from the lower back of the wounded by two upper limbs for 3 seconds to push the gas out of the lungs. Third, the operation The upper body will be straightened, and the two hands will be loosened, so that the wounded person will naturally expand the chest and inhale air. Repeatedly after two seconds, it is appropriate to use about 20 times per minute. Do not use excessive force to prevent rib fractures.
Third, the wounded handling
After a work-related injury occurs underground, the aforementioned on-site rescue measures should be taken immediately. The wounded person is then transported out of the well and taken to the hospital for emergency treatment. The downhole conditions are complex and the roads are not smooth. If they are handled improperly, the pain of the wounded may be aggravated, and even the condition of the injuries may be worsened. Therefore, the transportation of the wounded is also an indispensable part of trauma emergency. Pay attention to the following matters when handling:
1. Persons with respiratory, cardiac arrest and shock coma should be promptly resuscitated and transported.
2. For coma or suffocation of the wounded, the shoulder should be slightly raised, so that the head thrown back, face to one side or the lateral position, to prevent stomach vomit or tongue falling behind the trachea caused by suffocation, attention Keep the airway open at all times.
3. In general, the wounded can be transported by stretchers, planks, air ducts, rope nets, etc. However, the wounded persons with spinal injuries and pelvic fractures should be transported using a rigid stretcher (tunnel flap available downhole).
4. For the general wounded, the initial rescue operations such as hemostasis, fixation, and bandaging should be carried out first.
5. Persons with injuries to the spine must not be allowed to sit, stand and walk. It cannot be carried by a person looking up, a person holding a leg, or a person backing.
6. When transporting injured patients with chest and lumbar injuries, first put a rigid stretcher next to the wounded person and take care of the affected area with a special person. In addition, two or three people under the extended position of the spine, and gently push the wounded person onto the stretcher to push it forward. When the force is used, the speed must be consistent, and the wounded person's spine must not be bent.
7. A wounded person who is generally injured can lie on a stretcher and raise his limbs.
8. When transporting the wounded, the head of the wounded person should be behind. The accompanying ambulance personnel should always pay attention to the wounded person's complexion, breathing, and pulse. If necessary, they must be rescued in time. At the same time should pay attention to the wound situation.
9. When transported to the well, the doctor in charge should be briefed on the injuries, inspections, and rescue procedures.

China Labor Insurance Network